HbA1c (Glycated Hemoglobin)

What is HbA1c?

HbA1c, also known as glycated hemoglobin or A1C, is a form of hemoglobin that is chemically linked to sugar. The HbA1c test measures the percentage of your hemoglobin that has glucose attached to it.

Since red blood cells live for about 2-3 months, the HbA1c test gives you a picture of your average blood sugar control over that period — not just a snapshot of one moment in time.

Normal Ranges

Category	HbA1c Level
Normal	Below 5.7%
Prediabetes	5.7% – 6.4%
Diabetes	6.5% or higher

For people with diabetes, most guidelines recommend a target HbA1c of less than 7% (53 mmol/mol) for most adults, though individual targets may vary based on age, duration of diabetes, and other factors.

Why It Matters

For Diabetes Prevention

If your HbA1c is in the prediabetes range (5.7-6.4%), lifestyle changes like diet and exercise can often prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes.

For Diabetes Management

Regular HbA1c testing helps you and your doctor understand how well your diabetes treatment plan is working. A 1% decrease in HbA1c can reduce the risk of diabetes complications by up to 40%.

Beyond Diabetes

Elevated HbA1c levels, even within the "normal" range, have been associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Tracking this biomarker can provide early warning signs.

How to Improve Your HbA1c

Reduce refined carbohydrates — Focus on whole grains, vegetables, and fiber
Regular physical activity — Aim for 150 minutes per week of moderate exercise
Maintain a healthy weight — Even modest weight loss can improve insulin sensitivity
Monitor blood sugar regularly — Understand how different foods affect you
Take medications as prescribed — If you have diabetes, adherence is crucial

How Often to Test

Without diabetes risk factors: Every 3 years after age 45
With prediabetes: Annually
With diabetes: Every 3-6 months

Related Biomarkers

description: "A blood test that measures your average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months. Essential for diabetes management and prevention."